The Capacitor Microphone, better known as the Condenser Microphone, is a type of microphone that works based on variations in capacitance.

Its capsule is essentially a capacitor, formed by two very close metal plates:

1. Diaphragm: A very thin, conductive membrane that moves in response to the pressure of sound waves.

2. Backplate): A fixed metal plate, positioned just behind the diaphragm.

A static electrical charge is maintained between these two plates.

When sound waves hit the diaphragm and cause it to vibrate, the distance between it and the backplate changes. This change in distance alters the capacitance of the assembly, which generates a voltage variation proportional to the sound wave. This voltage variation is the audio signal.

For the capsule to work, it needs to be electrically charged, which can be done in two ways:

• With an external voltage: Through Phantom Power (+48V), which polarizes the capsule.

• With a pre-charged material: Using an electret, a material that has a permanent electrical charge.

Condenser microphones are known for their high sensitivity, detailed frequency response, and excellent transient response, making them the standard choice for recording vocals, guitars, and acoustic instruments in the studio.